Day 50 of do g pregnancy pets4homes. Oct 6,. Day 50 of do g pregnancy pets4homes

 
 Oct 6,Day 50 of do g pregnancy pets4homes To determine your dog’s due date without using our calculator, follow these simple steps: Note down the date when your dog mated

If you have witnessed more than one mating on different days,. You may be wondering why there is such a wide range, and that’s an. Bitches in season - The top ten most frequently asked questions. S. 10 hours. Offer small meals throughout the day. First things first, your Border collie must be the right age to cope with pregnancy, no younger than 2, and ideally at least 3. By Mike Clark. Typically this phase will last for around 56-60 days in the pregnant female dog, although in non-pregnant bitches, dioestrus may last for up to 100 days. Height at the withers: Males 25. Chemical castration is a viable option for dogs that cannot undergo a general anaesthetic, as the procedure is quick, non-intrusive, and simply requires an injection. If the bitch has not ovulated, “normal” dog semen lives another 3-to-7 days in the bitch, the better the semen quality, the more leeway there is in ovulation timing. Correctly bred, handled & socialise. . Used. 64-66 days from the initial rise in progesterone. ID verified. Most dog owners know that taking their dog to the vets out of normal practice hours in the event of an emergency is something best avoided but occasionally necessary, as we cannot always predict when something will go wrong and our dogs might become sick or. + Faces take shape. Sunderland (26. If you’re wondering whether your dog is pregnant, there are a few things you can do at home to check. The fastest method for finding if your German Shepherd has conceived is to get your vet to perform a German Shepherd ultrasound. Orally administer 2 syringe graduations per 1 kg bodyweight as a single dose (= 100 mg fenbendazole/kg bodyweight). Visible movement of puppies by day 50. Belly is crowded with puppies and we can see their sporadic movement (swarming). During week three, the implanted embryos will begin to develop their organs, which causes a massive hormone surge within the pregnant cat. Average weight: Males 1. The gestation period for dogs is approximately nine weeks or 63 days from the date she first mated. £300. In general, a dog's pregnancy lasts about 63 days from start to finish. Vet Rating. The downside is that it is most accurate after 30 days, even though pregnancy can be detected as early as 21 days, and of course, a vet visit is necessary. This is because their lungs may not be. 33 kg. The pregnancy is divided into three stages: early, middle and final. Any abnormal vaginal discharge occurs including bleeding, or a foul-smelling discharge, at any point in the pregnancy. 2, which is of course rather higher. Central Asian Ovtcharka. £1,300. Weeks three and four : Days 15-28. Whelping boxes also help to contain the mess made by the litter, which makes cleaning up and cleaning out the box easier too. Keep up with the dates that you witness the dogs mating or in a “tie. Puppies should receive two vaccinations, the first at around 8 to 10 weeks of age and the second, two weeks later at around 10 to 12 weeks of age. Other things to know: Comes in six sizes up to 3XL and 11 colors. Pacing, panting, shivering, or digging. Find a puppies on Gumtree, the #1 site for Dogs & Puppies for Sale classifieds ads in the UK. Buy Dog Pregnancy Test for Breeders. Day 4 By day 4 the first lot of eggs will be fertilized. The hormone is present in the blood, and peaks around days 40 through 50 of the pregnancy. Health tests available BVA/KC/ISDS Eye Scheme, DNA test - HC-HSF4, DNA test - L-2HGA, Litter eye screening for PHPV. Average weight: Males 1. Do you have a new puppy or pregnant pooch? We are now looking for the P4H Puppy of 2022! Read more and nominate your puppyDiabetes is a serious disease, and it affects many older adults. Dogs. Lifespan 12-13 years. In addition to dogs and cats, Pets4Homes features listings for small animals, birds, and reptiles. Read our review of the best Windows ultrabook. Week 3: Your dog may experience morning sickness for a few days, after which her appetite will return to normal. The best way to approach flying ant day with your dog is to try to reduce the number of ants that can get into the home by keeping windows closed, and to reduce the time your dog spends outside if the ants are bothering them. Very loving friendly cats, brother and sister need a new home through no fault of their own. The mother's abdomen will be noticeably enlarged, and her nipples may appear more. Week Five. On about day 18-20, the embryos will implant in the uterus. Early Signs of Dog Pregnancy: Changes In Size. #1 Changes to the Mammary Glands. Appetite Changes. Birth is imminent. You may hear loud on-going crying and notice a decline in condition in the puppies that cannot get milk. German shepherds and Siberian huskies are two of the most popular dog breeds, so it comes as no surprise that there's a demand for a cross-breed. In the early days of pregnancy everything may be business as usual, and there may or may not be any physical signs you can detect until your pup is over the halfway mark. An x-ray can indicate the size and number of pups. Share this article. With less room for full meals, it's time to begin serving smaller meals more frequently. Well handled. Staffordshire Bull Terrier. updated on. Next Article Cutest Puppies - These 50 Dog Breeds Are The Most Adorable! Recommended Articles. Week two- Days 7- 14. 5°C to 37°C labor usually begins around 12-24 hours after that. Lovely examples of the breed. There are some common signs of pregnancy in dogs that you can look out for. Beckiie H. See full list on pets4homes. Since the pandemic the people who run Pets4Homes have introduced a few things which make the site a lot more safer and there are more safety cautions these days. Landmark Events Assessed By Ultrasound. This gestation period can vary slightly but isn’t likely to be any less than 58 days or any more than 68 days. Dogs that should not be fed cheese. Stunning male and female maltese puppies for adoption. Drop in body temperature 12-to-24 hours before labor. Oct 5, 2023 47 days to go. Mastitis: This condition can occur during the final days of pregnancy or following delivery. Given by this stage of the pregnancy it is usually 100% effective, although it can be administered later on too, but the success rate during the later stages of pregnancy. KC registered Italian Greyhound. From a medical point of view, spay during pregnancy is safer than taking the pregnancy to term. Given by this stage of the pregnancy it is usually 100% effective, although it can be administered later on too, but the success rate during the later stages of pregnancy falls. This means that dogs need to maintain a slightly higher temperature than us to feel comfortable and. This condition does not occur in spayed bitches, and is not hugely common even in unspayed bitches, but is something that owners of. Weight gain of 20-to-50 percent. Ultrasound machines can visualize puppy fetuses approximately 4 weeks (28 days) into the pregnancy. Were you aware that every year there is a World Spay Day? It is to highlight the importance across the world of neutering pets and it is led by a vast amount of animal welfare organisations. The answer to this question is that dogs are pregnant for approximately 63 days or roughly 9 weeks. Border Terrier. Some pugs will eat up to 50% more during. The. Around this time (by day 40), their nipples will begin to get darker and larger, too. Her belly will become firmer between days 45 and 50. Female starts to relax and look for a suitable place to. A huge, impressive box of chocolates might win you the affections of your intended, but make sure it ends up in the right hands, and not the wrong paws! Christmas and Easter are the. Lastly, add a pinch of natural salt (Pink Himalayan is my favorite) and a two-inch block of goat’s butter. Health & Safety. feel for the puppies)That’s the question of every expectant parent. Each syringe is sufficient to dose up to 9 kg bodyweight as a single dose. During this stage, the puppy embryos travel through the mother dog’s reproductive system and embed themselves into the lining of her uterus within the first two weeks to 16 days. The first stage can last for 6 to 12 hours, or 12 to 24 hours, and is known as the cervix relaxation stage. Lifespan 12-13 years. If you do have a pregnant pug and don’t know to expect, please check out the following pug pregnancy calendar. If you suspect she is pregnant, you should visit your veterinarian. The only downside to choosing ultrasound as the only method of testing pregnancy in your dog is that you may not be able to determine how many puppies to expect. Signs of a dog going into labor include panting, restlessness, loss of appetite, and a sudden drop in. As a loose guideline, unspayed female cats will reach sexual maturity and be able to conceive by around the age of six months, but this is really too young for a planned breeding with the health and wellness of the cat in mind. Major Events of Pregnancy. Abnormally small eyes. Within another week after this point, the fetuses begin to form. You will also have a large, fixed abdomen. 86 cm. Has lived with young children and cats and is very excitable around other dogs (please. Call a vet if your female’s puppies start to come earlier than 59 days. Highest: £3,500. You are a visitor to our Site. At 51 days you still have a week of anticipation. As the day draws closer, you should be monitoring your bitch's temperature several times a day. All are thriving with no health and birth problems. A phantom pregnancy is when a bitch behaves to all intents and purposes as if she is pregnant, which may involve both behavioural and physical changes, when it is impossible for her to have conceived. Like other canine breeds, Chihuahua breeders can expect their female Chihuahua to be pregnant for about 58 to 68 days. While you might fairly assume that dogs, being carnivorous, should be eating a really high percentage of protein, in reality the average protein content of a complete diet should be 20-30%. Pedigree Yes. e. uk and any subdomains and the Pets4Homes apps. According to this, you are already 2 weeks pregnant at the time of conception, making your total pregnancy last 40 weeks, or 280 days. Once the female no longer accepts the male, you. Dog Pregnancy. Morgan ID verified. Can a dog go into premature labor? The answer is Yes. Mixed-breed dogs tend to be. You will usually notice her stomach swelling as she puts on weight 45-50 days after conception. Health tests available BVA/KC/ISDS Eye Scheme, DNA test - HC-HSF4, DNA test - L-2HGA, Litter eye screening for PHPV. During spaying, the developing fetuses are removed with the uterus. The first part of the contract should indicate the details of both the stud dog and the bitch that will be bred to them, including all of the following information for each dog: Registered Kennel Club name. Palpation can be used to detect dog pregnancy 23 to 30 days - three to four weeks - after mating. 89 - 11. The short answer is approximately 2 to 3 weeks. (same care and suggestions as week one) Fourth week. She also will start producing a vaginal discharge about one month after mating. Average Length of Dog Pregnancy. Sold by Fifth & Fido and ships from Amazon. Anything between 58 and 68 days is considered typical, with the average length falling at 63 days from conception to delivery. Since the pandemic the people who run Pets4Homes have introduced a few things which make the site a lot more safer and there are more safety cautions these days. Appetite loss around day 61 or 62. During this time, puppy is still very small, and will only reach 1/4 to a 1/2 inch (5 to 10mm) by day 28. Whelping boxes also help to contain the mess made by the litter, which makes cleaning up and cleaning out the box easier too. I’ve had a busy day being pregnant, and need to do it again tomorrow. The best time to measure the length of pregnancy is from the progesterone rise or first breeding. £200. This will be the approximate date for when the new pups are expected. By around day. Day 5 - 11 Fertilised eggs will make their way down the fallopian tubes into the uterine horns. German shepherds and Siberian huskies are two of the most popular dog breeds, so it comes as no surprise that there's a demand for a cross-breed. Larger breeds like Great Danes may have longer gestation periods, ranging. Pregnancy length in dogs is remarkably consistent, being 64-66 days from the preovulatory LH surge to parturition in nearly all instances. About 24 hours before the beginning of labor, there will be a temporary drop in the body temperature. The 8 week pregnant dog: days 49 – 55. Show/luxury Syrian hamsters 🐹. Height Male: 25-28cm Female: 25-28cm. On about day 18-20, the embryos will implant in the uterus. Your pug will be pregnant for 58 to 68 days, with the average pregnancy length usually being around day 63 from the point of conceiving to the delivery. Compared to our lengthy human pregnancies that last about 9 loooong months, dogs really luck out with a much shorter pregnancy, or gestation period, that lasts only about 58-68 days (approx. We have just had a litter of seven healthy puppies born on day 60 of pregnancy. Breed group Terrier. Pug X for adoption. For context, dogs and humans also have a lot in common at the DNA. In the first trimester you do not need to change anything with the bitch, she can. SOLD 3 BOYS We have 2 boys and 1 girl left Pure breed syrian hamsters. 0 – 4. Around day 35 during week five, the first stage of gestation, or embryogenesis, ends and the second will begin. Swollen genitals, particularly around her vulva (the outer part of her genitals) A slight mucus discharge from her vagina. A firm and enlarged abdomen around day 45. ) This makes a dog’s gestation period around nine weeks long. The most exciting French Bulldog pregnancy stage is the third and final month. May 13, 2021. If you own a bitch (female dog) that is unspayed, then once she reaches maturity, she will come into heat regularly, once or twice a year. See below for a week-by-week labor breakdown that will help you predict. If you suspect that your dog may be pregnant, contact your vet, and schedule an exam. We try to keep all. Harlow. By day 35, you can see little puppy toes, and the bones and coat begin to form around the 45-day mark. If you are breeding, you should definitely record the exact date of when the. Gestation length according to accurate hormone measurements: 56-58 days from the first day of diestrus. Certain times of the year can cause fear and general anxiety more than others. However, it is starting to take shape. During the second week of pregnancy, the cells which will develop into your puppies begin to grow and separate, and the tiny new embryos descend into the uterus for the remainder of the period of gestation. Find pet-related articles on Pets4Homes. Symptoms they may have developed and which you need to keep an eye out for include the following: Vomiting. She is unwell at all, acts depressed, is crying or. Increased urine and movement of the puppies will be visible from day 50. If you were overweight (BMI between 25 and 29. 7If your dog is having just one or two puppies, the total gestation period should not exceed 75 days. A baby is expected to be born between 63 and 65 days after two matings if the dates are noted. Lowest: £600. When your bitch is fertile and in season, picking the perfect time to mate with a couple of days leeway will help to reduce the chances of a failed mating. In this article you will learn about the different stages of pregnancy, how to take care of a pregnant dog, and ultimately, how to prepare for your dog’s pregnancy. Many high-quality, over-the-counter, veterinary-recommended foods for pregnant dogs are available. They will be restless. Gopal Aggarwal,. Female dogs are pregnant for about 62-64 days, or approximately two months. In the seventh week – start preparing a whelping box for your dog. £100. Jerry Klein says the gestation period for dogs is generally considered to be around 63 days, "plus or minus 4-5 days but there is a. Chart Polski. A vet can diagnose pregnancy, provide proper care, address health concerns, and ensure the well. Ultrasound testing could detect pregnancy from around day 20-25 of pregnancy. Lifespan 13-15 years. However, a dog’s pregnancy typically lasts about 63 to 64 days. Dog Pregnancy Week By Week Symptoms Care . Microchipping can cost anything from £10-£25 per dog, and so can soon work out costly!The regular body temperature of the dog is not the same as that of people – The body temperature range for an average adult human in good health is 36. “Everybody, leave me alone. 1. Dogs are pregnant for 58 to 68 days, or about 2 months before giving birth. Pheromones in her urine attract male dogs. Female in this period may (but may not) lose her appetite. Highest: £3,500. Once the gestation period comes to day 50, you should have an x-ray booked in so that you can find out how many puppies are in. What we like: Another good option from our guide to the best workout headphones. Used. Pets4Homes is the UKs most popular pet classifieds site. The most common way to test for pregnancy in dogs is by taking a blood sample and analyzing the results for signs of pregnancy. If you already have diabetes, there are steps. To estimate the arrival of the pups, count 62 days ahead. How Many Puppies Will Your Dog Have. 56-58 days from the first day of diestrus. Dogs are pregnant for approximately 62-64 days, or about two months, although the Merck Veterinary Manual says, “predicting the timing of a delivery can be. Staffordshire bull terrier: typical price £2,500. HEIDI B. At day 50 of dog pregnancy, the puppies are still developing rapidly. uk XL Bully dogs used to cost an average of £3,000 - with some muscle-bound animals being sold for over £. The Jackapoo being a cross between a Miniature or Toy Poodle and a Jack Russell Terrier can inherit either of their parent's looks. Mixed Breed Age: 8 years. 7 week pregnant dog belly. Breeding. It can be a useful chance to confirm litter size,. The puppies will begin gaining weight at this time and will become fetuses, rather than embryos. Malformed eyes. " Your veterinarian will use X-ray or ultrasound. How Long Are. 7 KG. Experienced breeders generally know about the common side effects of canine pregnancy. It looks like a tiny purple flashlight with a hot pink on/off button. Height Male: 70-90cm Female: 65-85cm. Determining the date of conception can be challenging since sperm can remain alive inside of the female for several days, and eggs are able to remain fertile for up to 48 hours. 1 kg. 💝 💖 Are you in search of a versatile and robust can. Catahoula Leopard Dog. 5 kg Females 1. Please contact 07472310594 Snoop dog the handsome Scots x Old tyme English victorian bulldog Approx 40kg 27/08/2021 My baby boy is just over 2 years old and has had a ro. 3-39. Highest: £3,500. Canine gestation ranges from 56 to 69 days. When her body temperature drops from around 38. You should of course continue to feed her with a good high-protein diet, taking into account that she will be needing more food in the latter stages, maybe as much as. 2, which is of course rather higher. Adopting an adult dog from a rescue centre may be a more cost-effective option, as well as having the added advantage of offering a home to a pet without one – check if the. They have listings for various dog breeds, cats, rabbits, birds, reptiles, and other small animals. Puppies should not be allowed outside until 7 days after their second injection. The dog gestation period. A well-bred Cavachon should be very outgoing, happy and confident and not nervous, shy or fearful. The two-cell embryos are in the oviduct. She will likely become quiet and more introverted than normal, preparing for the birth. At day 50, X-rays can already determine how many puppies will be. The hormonal changes that pregnancy causes can lead to mood swings, emotional changes and feelings that dogs are very sensitive to, as they are so tuned into the moods and tempers of their people. 5 kg Females 1. Oct 3, 2023 49 days to go. Enlarged, firm abdomen (days 45 to 50) Decreased appetite (day 45) Visible puppy movement in abdomen (day 50) What are the first signs of pregnancy […]A dog's gestation period is around 63 days or about nine weeks on average. Generally, around 10-12 days into the heat cycle is the ideal time to mate, and so when you first notice that your bitch is in season, let the owners of the sire know, and begin the. But for all dog breeds, including the German shepherd, it’s 63 days. co. Breed group Working. Pets4Homes has suspended a seller after a Barrow man, who travelled to Lancaster with his mum to pick up a dog, has suffered nothing but heartache. People who work to rehome dogs have told the BBC some pounds are killing up to eight strays a day. Pet-related Services offered. It’s good to know, however, that sickness may occur. They are nicely put together with females being very slightly smaller than their male counterparts. A dogs pregnancy lasts for 63 days. Dogs are pregnant for about 63 days or nine weeks, though this may vary by a few days depending on several factors. Height at the withers: Males 31 - 40 cm Females 31 - 40 cm. Traveling both in and out of the nesting box. + Development of eyes and spinal cords. Dubbed the "Gerberian shepsky," this mixed breed. This is known as the gestation period, and it can vary slightly depending on the specific breed of dog. Adult Cats and Dogs. Height at the withers: Males 15. The first stage of canine pregnancy coincides with the first month that a dog is pregnant. After day 45, your appetite is likely to decrease. Family-friendly: 5/5. Week three- Days 14- 21 Pets4Homes Coupons & Promo Codes for Nov 2023. Cesky Fousek. While it can be hard to tell if your dog is pregnant, some tell-tale signs can help you determine if your pup is expecting. The gestation period for a Doberman Pinscher is approximately 63 days, or 9 weeks. LILAC Russian Teddy Bear Type Pomeranian 1. Days 21 to 28. Maltese Age: 12 weeks 1 male / 1 female. 👀 With every stud you get FREE Ultrasound and FREE microchips for the puppies 👀 Cytology also available Facebook - New Paws 📞 07901000605 STUD ONLY 💜💜 Elvis is the most. 0 kg. Puppies should receive two vaccinations, the first at around 8 to 10 weeks of age and the second, two weeks later at around 10 to 12 weeks of age. If the signs of pregnancy in dogs are showing, consult your veterinarian. Cavachons are small dogs that boast extra fluffy thick coats which can be quite wavy or curly. Day 45: you will see a decrease in appetite. While your dog is pregnant, she has some special needs and require. Cheese has a high fat content, which adds to your dog’s calorie intake, and this is of course not appropriate for all dogs. The length of pregnancy can also vary a little bit depending on the breed and the size of the litter. The first item on the list is one that almost everyone associates with Valentine’s Day, and that almost everyone knows is dangerous to dogs…. 24 – 22. We have put together 4 easy steps for you. Short Answer: 58-68 days. Adult Cats and Dogs. The website shows there are around 50 puppies and dogs for sale in a five mile radius of Colchester. Today's best Pets4Homes Coupon Code: Pets4Homes Today Best Deals & Sales In the second month of dog pregnancy, the pups develop pretty rapidly - by day 32, their eyelids form, by day 35 their toes have grown, with claws appearing by day 40, along with the coat and skeleton by around day 45. 5 kg. One of the most obvious signs is a change in your dog’s nipples, which will become enlarged and more pink or red than usual. Week 2: Your dog’s energy levels should be the same, but watch for weight gain. • 21 March 2022. I have just found I’m pregnant and don’t have enough time for him, and even less so when the baby is. March 18, 2017. Use Pets4Homes Discount Code or Voucher to help you get up to 50% OFF. 50 days pregnant!Our channels:•Instagram: •Facebook: do you tell if my dog is pregnant or just fat? Month Two Noticeably increased appetite. 56-70 days from the first breeding. SHOP IT "I tell my clients the FemmeFun Ultra Bullet packs the most bang for the buck and size. 3;. The puppies' skeletons are also becoming more distinct, and their size continues to increase. 1 to 2 kg 4 syringe graduations. The Pomchi is an elegant little dog that boasts having a very sweet and intelligent appearance. The grey wolf and the domestic dog shares 98-99% of the same DNA. 5. Organogenesis begins– Embryos are at their most susceptible to defects. uk, paste the discount code into the designated promotional code box. The average is 63. 1 miles away) 4. Here are some of the big milestones to be aware of: Day 30: Your veterinarian should be able to detect fetal heartbeats on an ultrasound. Hungarian Vizsla Age: 5 weeks 4 male / 2 female. In dogs, pregnancy will last approximately nine weeks – or around 63 days from the point of conception (egg fertilization). £5. With less room for full meals, it's time to begin serving smaller meals more frequently. 0% coi pups. Your dog’s pregnancy period will vary according to breed, but the average duration is about two. A mis-mating injection of Alizin, an antiprogestagenic compound, can be given to a bitch that is pregnant or suspected to be pregnant up to 22 days after conception. Appearance of the Jackapoo. The vast majority are understood to be bully XLs, which are being added to the list of banned dogs from 1 February. “The first trimester of pregnancy is one long all-day hangover. This 10-day difference in the average length of German Shepherd gestation may vary depending on the number of puppies and the size of the mother. helping to relocate more than 2,500 animals every day. In conclusion, understanding the gestation period of French Bulldogs is an important. The bitch and male are ready for a second mating Day 4 By day 4 the first lot of eggs will be fertilized. Knowing sooner can help you and your veterinarian make informed decisions about your dog’s care. Though your baby is the size of a blueberry your breasts probably look more like melons. By day 55, your vet can count the exact number of puppies that will be born so you know how many to expect. If you know the mating date, your vet may perform a palpation test 28 days after breeding to confirm that your dog is pregnant. pets are now classified as overweight or obese, with nearly 54 percent of dogs and 59 percent of cats. A normal Pug pregnancy between a range of 60 to 65 days. Increased appetite in the later stages. Remember that female dogs may go through a false pregnancy due to normal hormone cycles. Breed and type. At day 45-50 days, your pregnant dog requires a diet that is high in protein, energy, and minerals. Nipples are swollen and red due to milk production for puppies. KC breeder. 2 degrees Celsius to 36. Quantifying Food and Water Intake. Their mammary glands and nipples will also be enlarged, and the. The puppies' leg buds lengthen, and toes develop. Practical dosage recommendations: Up to 1kg 2 syringe graduations. If you are intending on breeding from your dog, then you will of. It will have changes in its behavior, and on day 58, its nesting changes will be more noticeable. Dogs are pregnant for about 63 days or nine weeks, though this may vary by a few days depending on several factors. Knowing the signs of pregnancy, how long it lasts, and the right diet to feed your pregnant dog can go a long way in ensuring she has a safe and healthy pregnancy. 6 About 10 days into their cycle, dogs are usually at their most fertile but a dog can still become pregnant right up until the last day of estrus. The dog must be 25 to 30 days into the pregnancy for the test to be accurate. The other thing that has a bearing on how often a dog is wormed is the product that owners decide to use. Buy puppies, sell puppies and adopt dogs, kittens, cats and other pets in your local area. Most dogs are pregnant for an average of 63 days, though that can vary depending on the breed and size of the dog, says Dr. 5 degrees Fahrenheit. If your dog shows signs of discomfort, they may be getting ready to whelp. Stage One. This can be due to nausea, hormones, low energy, or a general sense of malaise. Week 8 (days 50-57): by day 50 the skeleton of the fetuses is completely formed. day 1 to day 63 dog pregnancy 🥺 l dog pregnancy l dog pregnancy day by day l pregnancy testpregnant german shepherd 🙂🐕‍🦺 l dog pregnancy day by day l pre.